Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Rural and Urban Populations: A Global Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders (HDP) are important predictors of maternal and neonatal health outcomes, particularly for rurality-based as well as under-represented groups. Although of large magnitude, detailed data of HDP among them continue to remain lacking. Aim and Objective: The scoping review seeks to map the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes of HDP among underrepresented groups and those living in the countryside, highlighting gaps in the current evidence base. The research sought to pose the question: "What is the prevalence, what are the risk factors associated with it, how is management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy addressed at the moment among the people living in the countryside or among underrepresented groups of people, and what interventions hold promise for outcome improvement?" Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched for 2016-2025 publications. Publications were included where HDP was described among the rural or disadvantaged groups. Data was extracted and thematically synthesized in the context of descriptors. Results: Sixteen studies were included. There was variability in the prevalence of HDP among the studies. Risk factors identified included socioeconomic status, access to medical care, and educational attainment. Treatment measures tended to be basic and variable between the rural and the urban areas. Conclusion: A pressing necessity exists for specific interventions and policy frameworks aimed at addressing Health Disparities among rural and marginalized populations. Subsequent research should concentrate on the establishment of standardized data gathering methods, the assessment of intervention efficacy, and the incorporation of technological innovations to enhance maternal health results within these communities.