A Kaleidoscopic Spectrum of Orbito-ocular Lesions

Abstract

Background: Ophthalmic lesions comprise a wide range of disorders ranging from benign and precancerous to malignant lesions. The rarity of orbito-ocular lesion, further complicates the recognition of their fine and subtle presentations. This can pose a huge diagnostic dilemma to the ophthalmologist and pathologist. This study was undertaken with an intention to study the demographic details, site, clinical presentation and histopathological findings of orbito-ocular lesions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis and for further patient management. Aim: To determine the spectrum of histopathological diagnosis of orbito-ocular lesions. Objectives: 1. To categorize the orbito-ocular lesions into six groups, viz., I-Non-neoplastic (A-Inflammatory, B- Infectious, C- Degenerative, D-Cysts, E-End stage condition, F- Autoimmune disease), II- Precursor lesions, III- Benign, IV- Malignant, V-Metastatic and VI-Syndromic based on the clinical and final histopathological diagnosis.2. To study the frequency distribution of cases according to age, sex, location and clinical presentation of the lesions. 3. To list out the spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions in each category. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective descriptive study conducted for a period of 7 years (2018-2024). Paraffin embedded blocks, slides (including special stains and IHC slides) and previous reports were retrieved and reviewed. Data was collated and analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS software. Results: A total of 348 cases were included in the study. Majority of the cases were in the age group of 51-60 years. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Eyelid was the commonest location of lesions constituting 40% (n=139) of the total number of cases. The most common clinical presentation of the lesions was mass (53%, n=186). Non-neoplastic lesions (44.5%, n=155) constituted the majority of cases among all the categories followed by benign lesions (29%, n=102). Among the non-neoplastic lesions, cystic lesions (ID) were predominant constituting 42.5% (n=66) of the total cases. Conclusion: All the ophthalmic biopsies and specimens should be subjected for histopathological examination as the knowledge of spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions will prove to be helpful to the ophthalmologists in shaping the strategy for diagnosis and management of lesions.