Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, and short communications in the fields of medicine and medical sciences. The journal aims to provide a platform for researchers and healthcare professionals to share their latest findings and developments with the international medical community. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to, clinical medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, neurology, oncology, and epidemiology. The journal is particularly interested in publishing research that has a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine, and that is of interest to clinicians and researchers alike. The journal is committed to maintaining high standards of scientific integrity and ethical principles. All submitted manuscripts are subject to a rigorous peer-review process to ensure that only high-quality, scientifically valid research is published. The journal also follows strict guidelines for the protection of human subjects, ensuring that all research involving human subjects is conducted in accordance with international ethical standards. Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is an open-access journal, making its articles freely available to the public. This allows the journal to reach a wider audience and ensure that important research findings are widely disseminated. In conclusion, Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is a valuable resource for anyone working in the fields of medicine and medical sciences, providing a platform for the exchange of knowledge and the dissemination of cutting-edge research.
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Chlorhexidine in Restorative Dentistry: Evidence, Controversies, and Clinical Implications
Chlorhexidine is widely used in restorative dentistry because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, substantivity, and low cost. Beyond its antiseptic properties, chlorhexidine has attracted considerable interest due to its ability to inhibit dentin-derived matrix metalloproteinases and its potential to stabilize the resin–dentin hybrid layer. Despite strong mechanistic and in vitro evidence supporting these biological effects, their translation into consistent long-term clinical benefits remains uncertain. This narrative review critically evaluates the role of chlorhexidine in restorative dentistry from the perspectives of rational drug use and health technology assessment. Evidence from laboratory studies, randomized controlled clinical trials, and systematic reviews was synthesized to examine the pharmacological properties of chlorhexidine, its effects on dentin bonding, cytotoxic potential, and overall safety profile. Particular emphasis is placed on the discrepancy between promising in vitro findings and inconsistent clinical outcomes, as well as on concerns related to cytotoxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and adverse effects. The available evidence does not support the routine use of chlorhexidine in restorative procedures, underscoring the need for selective, indication-based application guided by robust clinical data and principles of rational drug use.
Chlorhexidine, Restorative Dentistry, Dentin Bonding, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Cytotoxicity, Adhesive Dentistry, Rational Drug Use, Evidence-Based Dentistry
Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafize G. Demirbaş, DDS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pre Operative Stress and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Counselled with Structured Versus Traditional Programme
Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major public health problems that causes restricted quality of life, disability, and mortality, with high costs for the healthcare system. Cardiac surgery is a stressful life event for many patients. Failure to adapt to such a procedure leads to increased physical and psychological impairment such as anxiety, fear, depression, and pain. The aim of this study is to compare pre-operative stress and anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, counselled with structured vs traditional teaching programme. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental, single blinded two group pre and post-test design study done in the Department of Cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, Government Medical College, Kottayam. 120 patients (60 in each group) admitted in the wards in Government Medical College, Kottayam with CABG and valve disease were included in the study. The data was collected by a structured proforma and frequency, mean, median and standard deviation are used to assess the socio demographic variables and preoperative stress and anxiety among control and experimental groups. Comparison of two groups performed by t test and χ2 test Population. Results: In the present study it was found that structured teaching programme was effective in significant decrease of pre-operative stress and anxiety among patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the experimental group. Statistically significant reduction in anxiety and depression after preoperative structured teaching was found. Conclusion: We require more studies that are necessary to assess which mode of intervention is beneficial for patients and at what conditions. It is important to treat mind along with heart to get better outcomes after cardiac surgery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Siva Ramaratnam, Dr. Sivaprasad V, Dr. Ravikrishnan J https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Systematic Review and Analysis of Each Domain of Executive Functions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Introduction: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is regarded as an intermediate state between the normal cognitive decline associated with aging and more severe dementia. According to the diagnostic criteria for MCI established by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association, MCI is characterized by concerns regarding changes in cognition, impairment in one or more executive domains, and the preservation of independence in functional abilities. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to establish the magnitude of impairment in each domain of executive function (working memory, attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, problem solving, and planning) in older adults with MCI. Methods: This review study used the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items) for systematic review and meta-analysis of the included studies. Out of 2092 searched records, 10 clinical studies met the eligibility criteria and were included with data for systematic review and meta-analysis. According to Diamond’s (2013) model, executive function measures were coded separately according to the following its components: working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, attention, and processing speed. Results: Global effect size (ES) for executive functions was significantly found (g=−0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−0.51; −0.06]; Z=−2.53; p= 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed that ES was significant and large for working memory and moderate for cognitive flexibility. The effect size for attention, inhibitory control, and planning was found to be non-significant. Conclusion: Working memory and cognitive flexibility were more impaired in older adults with MCI as compared to inhibition, attention, and planning ability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satkarjit Kaur Jhandi, Shweta Shenoy, Ajaypal Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pilot Phenotypic Mapping to Ambler Classes in Diabetic Urosepsis: Outcomes and Stewardship Insights
Background: Urosepsis occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) with a high morbidity because of changing beta-lactam resistance, which may become a problem in the empiric treatment and clinical outcomes. Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to answer the research question: “How do phenotypic antibiotic resistance patterns in urosepsis among patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus map to the Ambler Classification of β-lactamases, and what are their associations with clinical outcomes such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and length of stay (LOS)?” Methods: A retrospective pilot cohort study was conducted at Karuna Medical College and Hospital that analyzed 17 urosepsis patients with uncontrolled DM. Available, clinical (HbA1c, serum creatinine/AKI, LOS, interventions, haemodialysis, mortality) and microbiological data were extracted. Descriptive and inferential tests were conducted. The phenotypic patterns were deduced on Ambler proxies, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was suggested to confirm them. Ten studies (2014-2025) were included in a systematic review and of them three in meta-analysis based on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, random-effects modelling of Extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) prevalence. Results: AKI prevalence was 88.24%, mean LOS = 8.18 (SD 6.03), interventions = 11.76, and mortality was 0. The most common by prevalence was E. coli (47.06%); phenotypic inference suggested probably Class A in 52.94%. No significant associations were identified (all p>0.05). ESBL prevalence was 26.5% (95% CI -33.7 86.7) with high heterogeneity (I2=98.2%, p=0.001). Conclusion: Phenotypic patterns provide useful proxies of Ambler mapping to inform directed therapy, bypassing empiric shortcomings. PCR and AI combined studies should be carried out on a larger scale.
Urosepsis, uncontrolled diabetes, Ambler classification, ESBL, phenotypic inference, antimicrobial stewardship, AKI
Copyright (c) 2026 Kiran D.R., S Veerakesari, Sarathlal S, Aleena Thomas Cheeran, Hariharan A, Pushpadasan P.R, Swathi N, Deena PM, Krishnendhu AM, Meenakshi C https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Prospective Observational Study of Clinical Profile and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Emergency Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department
Objective: Emergency endotracheal intubation (ETI), a critical life-saving intervention in the emergency department (ED) is associated with significant complications and mortality. We aimed to evaluate clinical profile, procedural characteristics, complications, and outcomes of patients undergoing emergency endotracheal intubation in a tertiary care emergency department. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients requiring ETI in the Department of Emergency Medicine. Demographic details, clinical presentation, indications for intubation, number of intubation attempts, immediate and late complications and final outcomes were recorded. Patients were followed until discharge or death. Results: The mean age was between 21–60 years, with a male predominance (69.5%). Medical causes accounted for 78.5% of intubations, while trauma constituted 21.5%. The most common indication for intubation was altered sensorium (68%). A GCS ≤5 was observed in 59% of cases at presentation. First-pass intubation success was achieved in 95% of cases. The most frequent immediate complication was hypoxia. Patients with severe neurological impairment and prolonged ICU stay had higher mortality. Conclusion: Emergency physician performing endotracheal intubation is associated with high first-pass success. Pre-intubation neurological status and number of intubation attempts are key predictors of patient outcomes. Structured airway assessment and adherence to standardized intubation protocols can reduce complications and improve survival.
Emergency Endotracheal intubation, Airway management, Glasgow Coma Scale, Mortality, Emergency Department
Copyright (c) 2026 Shruti V. Sangani, MD, Joy Saha, MD, Srushtiben R. Patel, MD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Drug Utilization Pattern in Heart Failure Patients and Its Correlation With NT-Probnp Levels in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: The management of HF has evolved significantly with the introduction of novel therapeutic agents and biomarker-guided strategies. NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) guided therapy reduces cardiovascular events and improves clinical outcomes compared to symptom-based management alone. Tertiary care centers generally demonstrate higher utilization rates of novel therapies, and analysis of those drug utilization patterns will help to identify prescription gaps and opportunities for quality improvement interventions. Aim & Objective: To analyze prognostic marker NT-proBNP level in heart failure patients and analyze the usage of conventional and new drug therapy utilization in heart failure patients and also to assess the NT-proBNP guided drug therapy in heart failure patients. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was started after getting IHEC approval (22/281) in a Tertiary health center. 367 OP/IP Case sheets of heart failure patients investigated for the NT-proBNP levels was collected from MRD, the following details like Age, Gender, Diagnosis, and Laboratory levels of serum NT-proBNP, Drug Therapy were noted. The data was analyzed using frequency distribution. Results: Diuretic use (100%) proves their fundamental role in managing congestion, consistent with current guidelines. ARB/ACE inhibitors usage peaking at 69% in the moderate high NT-proBNP group (1000-5000 pg/ml) but declining to 35% in patients with severely elevated levels (>5000 pg/ml). The adoption of newer evidence-based therapies remained disappointingly low around 2-3%. Discussion & Conclusion: The observed underutilization of guideline-directed therapies, in patients with severely elevated NT-proBNP, represents a missed opportunity for disease modification. Implementing NT-proBNP-guided treatment protocols could facilitate therapeutic response and clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. A. Umamaheswari, Dr. K. Bhuvaneswari, Ms. Shayna Femy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Prognostic Significance of Pretreatment Derived Hematological Markers and Serum Biochemical Parameters on the Overall Survival Rate in Individuals Diagnosed with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Curative Surgery
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of pretreatment hematological and biochemical markers, including serum albumin, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase, on overall survival in cervical cancer patients who have undergone curative surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Malabar Cancer Centre, Kerala, analyzing data from cervical cancer patients in FIGO stage 1, who underwent surgery between January 2018 and February 2024. Key hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess overall survival, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The study analyzed the overall survival of 35 cervical cancer patients in relation to hematological indices such as LMR, NLR, PLR, MPVP and ALBALKP, along with the impact of co-morbidities and FIGO staging. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in survival outcomes across different LMR, NLR, PLR, MPVP and ALBALKP groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, FIGO staging showed that most cases were diagnosed in early invasive stages, and co-morbidities like diabetes and hypertension were common among patients. Conclusion: Tumor stage and co-morbid conditions significantly influenced survival markers LMR, NLR, PLR, MPVP, and ALBALKP showed no statistically significant association, highlighting the need for further research with larger cohorts to confirm their prognostic value.
Mean Platelet Volume platelet count ratio
Cervical cancer, Lymphocyte Monocyte Ratio, Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio, Albumin Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio, Mean Platelet Volume platelet count ratio,Overall Survival
Cancer Biology, Medical Biochemistry, Oncology, Cervical cancer, Heamatology
Copyright (c) 2026 Edakkadath Raghavan Sindhu, Keloth Erakodan Greeshma, Nandhini Devi, Mohandoss Murugesan, Kalpita Shringapure, DSA Karthickeyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Diagnostic Challenges in Ruptured Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case Report
Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is a rare condition with a potentially fatal outcome and is notoriously difficult to diagnose. We present a case of a 21-year-old primigravida at about four weeks of gestation, presenting with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. On clinical evaluation, the patient was pale and tachycardic, with laboratory investigations confirming anaemia and an elevated serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-hCG) level of 1670 mIU/L. Transvaginal sonography was imprecise, suggesting a ruptured left adnexal ectopic pregnancy. The patient was taken up for emergency laparotomy, which revealed hemoperitoneum with normal bilateral fallopian tubes & right ovary and a ruptured left ovary with adherent products of conception. A diagnosis of ruptured left ovarian ectopic pregnancy was made, and the surgery was proceeded with left ovarian wedge resection. Histopathological evaluation revealed the presence of chorionic villi interspersed within ovarian stroma, confirming the diagnosis in accordance with Spiegelberg criteria. The postoperative course was uneventful with b-hCG normalisation by postoperative day ten. This case illustrates the shortcomings of ultrasonography alone as a diagnostic modality for OEPs and emphasises the importance of early detection and prompt surgical intervention for a favourable prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Prajnya Anubhuti, Dr. Amrita Datta, Dr Sushmanka Das, Dr. Saswati Tripathy, Dr. Sinhasan SP, Dr. Aseema Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Impact of a Targeted Educational Intervention on Vaccine Vigilance Among Auxiliary Nurse Midwives: A Pre-Test/Post-Test Study
Objective: To evaluate the effect of a structured awareness training program on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) students regarding vaccine vigilance and Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) monitoring. Design: A quantitative single-group pre-test/post-test interventional study. Subjects/Patients: A total of 150 ANM students from two nursing institutions participated in the study. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice related to vaccine vigilance. The tool demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.785–0.854). A structured AEFI awareness training program was conducted between the pre-test and post-test assessments. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. Results: Post-intervention analysis showed significant improvements in all domains. Mean knowledge scores increased from 5.51 to 10.97, attitude scores from 4.79 to 7.91, and practice scores from 4.31 to 8.82 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The structured training program significantly improved ANM students’ knowledge, attitude, and practices toward AEFI monitoring, highlighting the importance of educational interventions in strengthening vaccine safety surveillance.
Education; Inservice Training; Nurse Midwives; Pharmacovigilance; Vaccines effects Education; Inservice Training; Nurse Midwives; Pharmacovigilance; Vaccines effects
A quantitative single-group pre-test/post-test interventional study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manasa C R, Kalpana L https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Transformation to BCR ABL1 Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Following Salvage DHAP Therapy in Relapsed Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Rare Case Report
Objective: To describe an exceptionally rare occurrence of chronic myeloid leukemia developing in the setting of relapsed refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma following multi line chemotherapy, and to highlight the associated diagnostic challenges, therapeutic limitations, and evidence-based management considerations. Design: Single patient observational case report. Subjects/Patients: A 22 year old male with nasopharyngeal classical Hodgkin lymphoma of mixed cellularity subtype who achieved initial complete metabolic remission but subsequently developed relapsed refractory disease and a concurrent myeloproliferative neoplasm. Methods: Detailed clinical history, treatment chronology, laboratory data, histopathologic findings, cytogenetic and molecular analyses including fluorescence in situ hybridization, and radiologic imaging were systematically reviewed and interpreted in accordance with CARE guideline recommendations and current international practice guidelines. Results: Initial combination chemotherapy resulted in complete metabolic response. The patient later developed metabolically active bilateral tonsillar disease refractory to multiple salvage regimens including cyclophosphamide etoposide dexamethasone hydroxyurea and dexamethasone high dose cytarabine cisplatin. Progressive leukocytosis led to bone marrow evaluation demonstrating marked myeloid hyperplasia with breakpoint cluster region Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog one rearrangement in ninety nine percent of cells, confirming chronic myeloid leukemia. Conclusion: This case illustrates an extremely rare coexistence of chronic myeloid leukemia in relapsed refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, emphasizing the need for comprehensive hematologic evaluation in refractory disease and supporting early integration of targeted therapies guided by molecular diagnostics.
Next-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies,Stem cell therapy,Oncotherapeutics
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Birupaksha Biswas, MD, Dr. Suhena Sarkar, MD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploring Faculty Perspectives on Implementing Simulation-Based Learning in Pharmacology: A Qualitative Focus Group Study
Background: Simulation-based learning (SBL) has emerged as an effective pedagogical approach in medical education, offering opportunities to integrate theoretical knowledge with clinical application. This study explores faculty perceptions regarding the implementation of SBL in Pharmacology curriculum. Methods: A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted via Zoom platform with six Pharmacology faculty members from PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research. The 60-minute session explored current simulation practices, perceived benefits, implementation challenges, and strategies for successful integration of SBL in the Pharmacology curriculum. The discussion was recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Faculty identified multiple benefits of SBL including integration of cognitive, psychomotor, and affective learning domains; enhanced clinical relevance; and improved student engagement. Key challenges included managing large student batches (250 students), limited practical time slots, faculty training needs, and logistical constraints. Participants proposed a phased implementation approach with hybrid learning models, integration with existing assessment frameworks, and comprehensive faculty development programs. Conclusions: Faculty demonstrated positive attitudes toward SBL implementation while recognizing practical challenges. Successful integration requires systematic planning, adequate resource allocation, comprehensive faculty training, and institutional support. The proposed hybrid model balancing traditional and simulation-based approaches offers a feasible pathway for Pharmacology curriculum enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shanmugapriya S, Umamaheshwari A., Bhuvaneswari K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Perceived Value and Use of a Master in Health Professions Education among Medical Educators and Clinical Trainers
Background: Medical educators and clinical trainers are increasingly expected to demonstrate competencies beyond clinical expertise, including in curriculum design, assessment, educational research, and leadership. While faculty development programs (FDPs) and informal learning remain common, formal postgraduate education such as the Master of Health Professions Education (MHPE) has expanded globally. However, evidence on how MHPE is perceived relative to other development pathways remains limited. Methods: This qualitative collective case study explored the perceived value and uses of MHPE among medical educators and clinical trainers. Semi-structured online interviews and document reviews were conducted with three faculty members who completed the MHPE. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis with cross-case comparison. Results: Participants valued MHPE for providing a scientific and systematic foundation for teaching, assessment, curriculum development, and leadership. MHPE enhanced adaptability, reflective practice, and student-centeredness, particularly during curricular reforms and the pandemic. Compared with FDPs and informal learning, MHPE offered deeper, longitudinal, and integrative competency development and opened significant professional and leadership opportunities. Conclusion: MHPE is perceived as a high-value pathway for developing competent, reflective, and adaptive medical educators and clinical trainers. Strengthening institutional support and clarifying career pathways may further enhance its impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roland Joseph D. Tan, MD, MS, MIH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Use of HbA1c as an Early Predictor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing global health concern, with increasing prevalence linked to rising obesity rates. Early identification of at-risk women can mitigate adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate whether a first-trimester HbA1c value of 5.7-6.4% serves as an early predictor of GDM in South Indian women. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at XXXXXX, from January 2022 to January 2023. We included 150 antenatal women with HbA1c measured at ≤20 weeks gestation, excluding those with pre-existing diabetes or HbA1c ≥6.5%. GDM was diagnosed using a 2-hour 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 weeks per IADPSG criteria. Women with HbA1c 5.7-6.4% were compared to those with HbA1c <5.7%. Statistical analysis used unpaired t-tests, ANOVA, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Of 150 women, 130 (87%) had HbA1c <5.7%, and 20 (13%) had HbA1c 5.7-6.4%. GDM prevalence was 12%, with 55% of the HbA1c 5.7-6.4% group developing GDM compared to 5% in the HbA1c <5.7% group (OR 21.48, 95% CI 6.70-68.82, p<0.001). Overweight women predominated in the higher HbA1c group. Conclusion: First-trimester HbA1c (5.7-6.4%) is a significant early predictor of GDM, particularly in overweight South Indian women, supporting its use for early screening and intervention. Limitations include the small sample size in the higher HbA1c subgroup (n=20), precluding multivariable adjustments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Aswini P, Dr. Vijayalakshmi Nambulla, Dr. Preetha Solomon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Exercise During Pregnancy Among Antenatal Care Attendees in North-eastern Nigeria
Background: Regular physical activity during pregnancy is a crucial component of antenatal care, offering significant maternal and fetal health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness and reduced risk of gestational complications. However, engagement in prenatal exercise remains low in many resource-limited settings, often due to gaps between knowledge, attitude, and actual practice. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of exercise during pregnancy among women attending antenatal care at General Hospital Darazo in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 pregnant women selected via random sampling. Data were collected using a validated, structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge (5 items), attitude (5 items), and practice (5 items) related to exercise during pregnancy. Frequency distributions and simple percentages were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 235 respondents who completed the survey, the majority were aged 20–25 years (31.5%), married (94%), and had primary education (25.5%). Most demonstrated good knowledge (83.6%) and a positive attitude (76.0%) toward prenatal exercise. However, only 27.4% reported engaging in regular exercise during pregnancy, indicating a substantial knowledge–practice gap. Conclusion: Despite adequate knowledge and favourable attitudes, the practice of exercise during pregnancy remains low among antenatal attendees in this setting. Targeted interventions, including structured antenatal exercise education and family involvement, are recommended to improve adherence to physical activity guidelines during pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Musa, Usman Abba, Hauwa Ibrahim, Muhammad Umar Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Stability, Biology, and Function: Outcomes of Lateral Locking Plate Fixation in Distal Femur Fractures
Objective: To evaluate radiological union, functional outcomes, and complications following lateral distal femoral locking compression plate (DF-LCP) fixation in distal femur fractures. Design: Prospective observational study. Subjects/Patients: Sixty skeletally mature patients (≥18 years) with AO/OTA type A, B, or C distal femur fractures treated at a tertiary care centre between 2023–2024. Methods: Patients underwent lateral DF-LCP fixation via standard lateral or minimally invasive percutaneous approaches. Radiological union was assessed using serial anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Functional outcomes were evaluated with the Knee Society Score (KSS) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Knee range of motion (ROM) and postoperative complications were recorded. All assessments were performed by a single senior orthopaedic surgeon to reduce inter-observer variability. Results: The mean age was 42.9 ± 16.5 years; 73.3% were male. Road traffic accidents caused 95% of fractures; AO type C fractures comprised 55%. Radiological union was achieved in 96.6% of patients, with a mean union time of 15.3 weeks. Complications occurred in 10% of cases. Mean knee flexion improved from 83.3° at 1 month to 103.3° at 12 months (p < 0.001). At 12 months, 81.7% of patients had excellent or good functional outcomes. Conclusion: Lateral DF-LCP fixation provides reliable fracture union, satisfactory functional recovery, and acceptable complication rates. Optimal outcomes depend on precise reduction, soft-tissue preservation, and structured rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Babaji Sitaram Thorat, Dr Ravi Mavani, Dr Avtar Singh Kamboj, Dr Abhijit Das, Dr Arcot Reddy Vamsi Krishna, Dr Prabhat Mittal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Clinical and Imaging Correlation of CT and MRI Findings with Neurological Status in Traumatic Cervical Spine Injuries: A Retrospective Study
Objective: To evaluate and correlate computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings with neurological status in patients with traumatic cervical spine injuries. Design: Retrospective observational study. Subjects/Patients: Sixty-five patients with acute cervical spine trauma presenting to a tertiary care center were included. Methods: Computed tomography was performed in all patients to assess fracture morphology, vertebral alignment, and spinal canal compromise. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in patients with neurological deficits or inconclusive computed tomography findings to evaluate spinal cord signal abnormalities and discoligamentous complex injury. Neurological status was assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale. Statistical association between imaging findings and neurological status was analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Subaxial cervical spine injuries were the most common injury pattern. Compression fractures, facet dislocations, and burst fractures were frequently identified. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated spinal cord edema and intramedullary hemorrhage in a subset of patients. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality was identified in a small number of cases. A statistically significant association was observed between spinal cord signal abnormalities and neurological impairment. Conclusion: Computed tomography is essential for rapid assessment of osseous injuries in cervical spine trauma, while magnetic resonance imaging provides important prognostic information by identifying spinal cord and ligamentous abnormalities. Combined use of both modalities improves diagnostic evaluation and neurological prognostication.
Cervical Vertebrae; Computed tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Prognosis; Spinal Cord Injuries; X-Ray
Radiology Neuroradiology Trauma Imaging Musculoskeletal Radiology Clinical Imaging Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ramesh G. Goud, Dr. Buthpur Tejaswini, Dr. Padmaja Reddy Singireddy, Dr. Nln Moorthy, Dr. Md Meraj, Dr. Sohini Gandham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Fatalities and Morbidity in Pelvic Fractures: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Forensic Perspectives
Background: Pelvic fractures are among the most severe kinds of bone injuries, mostly associated with large morbidity and mortality, due to massive blood loss, associated abdominal injuries, and the complexities of the management procedure. Aside from its clinical applications, pelvic fractures have very valuable roles in the discipline of trauma studies, particularly in medico-legal analysis. Objectives: The primary objective of conducting this systematic review is to investigate the clinical results, mode of death, and morbidities associated with pelvic fractures, but with major emphasis on the forensic importance of these injuries in relation to the cause of death, survival time, among other factors. Methods: Electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google searches, and Web of Science were conducted for studies that involved publications from the year 2000 until 2025. The selected types of studies had to involve clinical trials, cohort studies, autopsy series, and forensic analyses concerning mortality rates, morbidity rates, and medico-legal properties of pelvic fractures. Results: In all, 35 trials fulfilled the criteria for selection. The observed mortalities were between 10% and 35% for cases with pelvic fractures. In this case, the patients died from hemorrhage for the early deaths and septicemia or multiple organ failure for the late mortalities. The remaining patients had chronic pain, gait disturbance, and disability. The forensic aspects of pelvic fractures revealed strong association with high-energytransfer injuries such as road traffic injuries and high falls. The autopsy reports highlighted the significance of the pattern of pelvic fractures in distinguishing between accident and assault and the assessment of the severity of injuries. Conclusions: Pelvic fractures consist of a critical challenge in two aspects: a life-threatening emergency in the clinical part and an essential element in forensic reconstruction in the forensic field. Through the integration of medical expertise with forensic analysis, it would be possible to gain better patient outcomes, facilitate better medical-legal documentation, and devise better strategies for preventing trauma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abhishek Pandey, Brijesh Kumar Gupta, Faraz Rahat, Richa Choudhary, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, Krishna Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Histopathological Patterns of Endometrium in Elderly Women
Objective: To evaluate endometrial histopathological patterns and observe their frequency in elderly women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding. Design: Retrospective observational study. Subjects/Patients: 200 women aged over 40 years presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding between 2017 and 2019. Methods: Endometrial samples from dilatation and curettage and hysterectomy specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, processed into paraffin blocks, stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, and evaluated for histological patterns. Results: The maximum number of cases occurred in the fifth decade (57%). Menorrhagia was the most common clinical presentation (54%). Histopathologically, the proliferative pattern was the most frequent ovulatory finding (32.5%). Among anovulatory causes, simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia was most common (27%). Endometrial carcinoma was identified in 1.5% of cases, primarily in the 61–65 age group. Conclusion: Histopathological evaluation of the endometrium is essential in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with AUB to identify precise underlying causes and exclude malignancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zalak Dholakiya, MD, Anamika Navadiya, MD, Md Hashmi Sabugar, MD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Clinical Profile, Severity Assessment, Management and Outcomes of Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Prospective Observational Study
Objectives: To study the epidemiological profile, clinical presentation, severity assessment using the Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) score, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes of patients with acute organophosphate poisoning. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Emergency Medicine Department of a tertiary care hospital in Western India from September 2023 to September 2025. A total of 120 patients with confirmed acute organophosphate poisoning were included. Demographic details, clinical features, POP score at admission, atropine requirement, ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients was 33.85 ± 14.65 years, with a marked male predominance (87.5%). Most patients were from rural areas and suicidal ingestion was the commonest mode of poisoning. Based on POP score at admission, 38.3% of patients had mild, 59.2% had moderate, and 2.5% had severe poisoning. ICU admission and mechanical ventilation were required in 22.5% of patients each. Mean atropine requirement increased with severity of poisoning (29.04 mg in mild, 55.44 mg in moderate, and 143.33 mg in severe cases). Overall mortality was 10% and increased significantly with POP score severity (χ² = 13.42, p = 0.0006). Conclusion: Acute organophosphate poisoning predominantly affects young adults and continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The POP score is a simple and effective bedside tool for early severity assessment and outcome prediction. Higher POP scores are associated with increased atropine requirement, need for intensive care, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Routine use of POP scoring in emergency departments can aid in early triage, appropriate management, and optimal resource utilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jigarkumar B. Gosai, MD, Ramchandani Himanshu D, MD, Vidur V Joshi, MD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysing the Outcomes of Open Versus Laparoscopic Surgical Technique in Inguinal Hernia Repair
Background: Open Lichtenstein and laparoscopic (TAPP/TEP) mesh repairs are standard for inguinal hernia, yet real-world patient allocation frequently deviates from randomisation, introducing confounding by indication. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 250 randomly sampled adult patients (125 open, 125 laparoscopic) undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair at PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, India (2019-2023). Baseline characteristics were compared using χ² or Fisher’s exact test. Results: Patients undergoing open repair were significantly older (61.6% vs 28.0% >50 years, p<0.001) and exhibited higher prevalence of hypertension (28.8% vs 16.8%, p=0.025), coronary artery disease (10.4% vs 3.2%, p=0.022), chronic lung disease (17.6% vs 8.8%, p=0.041), and benign prostatic hypertrophy (9.6% vs 3.2%, p=0.038). Diabetes prevalence was comparable (16.8% vs 16.0%, p=0.869). Direct hernias predominated. Six recurrent cases were included (2 open, 4 laparoscopic, p=0.68). No significant family history was recorded. Conclusion: Both methods are safe and effective. Laparoscopic repair provides advantages in postoperative recovery and shorter hospitalisation, whereas open repair remains appropriate for patients unsuitable for general anaesthesia. Selection of technique should be guided by patient factors and surgeon expertise.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kamalraj Sundaramoorthy, Mr. Goutham Anaimallur Janardhanan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Do Barbed Sutures Make a Difference in Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty? A Single Centre Experience Comparing V-LocTM and Vicryl for Adult Pelvi-ureteric Junction Obstruction
Introduction: Laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing is technically challenging with a much steeper proficiency gaining curve. Although barbed self-retaining sutures have been employed effectively for various laparoscopic procedures requiring suturing, their role in laparascopic pyeloplasty has not been well studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare the efficacy and outcomes of barbed vs non barbed sutures for laparoscopic pyeloplasty in adults. Methods: Between January 2020 and December 2023, all adult patients satisfying the eligibility criteria who underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty either using 4-0 V-LocTM 90(Group1) or 4-0 Vicryl suture (Group2) were retrospectively evaluated. Both the groups were compared for patient demographics, perioperative and post-operative variables, complications, and renal function. Success was defined as the absence of clinical symptom combined with a patent unobstructed or improved/stable renal function on a DTPA renogram. Results: 90 patients fit the eligibility criteria with 45 in each group. Demographic and clinical criteria were comparable. Congenital PUJO (54.4%) was the most common aetiology with anterior crossing vessel in 12 patients. Mean intracorporeal suturing time (32.78 ± 12.32 minutes) and the mean total operative time (153. 54 ± 20. 56minutes) was significantly shorter in the V-LocTM group (p<0. 0001). None of the laparoscopic pyeloplasties were converted to open procedure. Post-operative drain removal and hospital stay was significantly delayed in the vicryl group. Perioperative and post-operative complications were similar with a success rate of 97. 7%. No deterioration of function was noted on follow up DTPA renogram. Median follow up duration was 2. 3 years with 1 in each group developing recurrence. Conclusion: Laparoscopic transperitoneal pyeloplasty using unidirectional barbed suture(V-LocTM) is safe and feasible with similar functional outcomes and significantly lesser operative times.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Tarun Javali, Dr Varun G Huilgol, Dr Manasa T, Dr Puvvada Sandeep, YASHAS PRASAD MYLARAPPA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Utility of Early LATCH Score in Predicting Exclusive Breastfeeding and Assessing the Impact of Structured Breastfeeding Counselling in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Objective: Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) neonates suffer early breastfeeding failure due to neurological compromise and maternal anxiety. Predictive value of LATCH Score in HIE infants is underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of LATCH scores in predicting exclusive breastfeeding in term infants with mild–moderate HIE and to assess the impact of structured breastfeeding counselling on score improvement. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Subjects/Patients: A total of 112 term neonates with mild to moderate hypoxic -ischemic encephalopathy (HIE-I and HIE-II) admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: LATCH scores were recorded at different time frames and dyads with low latch scores received structured breastfeeding counselling. Feeding outcomes were assessed at 4 weeks of age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the predictive accuracy of LATCH scores for exclusive breastfeeding. Results: LATCH scores improved significantly from initiation to discharge after counselling (p < 0.001). Scores at 48 hours and discharge were strongly associated with EBF at 4 weeks. ROC analysis identified a LATCH score ≥8 at 48 hours as the most accurate predictor (AUC 0.87; 95% CI 0.80–0.93). Conclusion: Serial assessment of LATCH score is a simple, objective tool to predict short term breastfeeding outcomes in neonates with mild–moderate HIE. Routine LATCH assessment combined with targeted support is recommended for optimizing breastfeeding outcomes in this vulnerable group.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Aradhana Kankane, Dr Sanjay Agrahari, Dr Nupur Pandey, Dr Ananta Jaiswal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparative Analysis of Analgesic Duration: Intrathecal Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine with Dexmedetomidine vs Morphine in Lower Segment Caesarean Sections
Background: Intrathecal adjuvants are commonly used to prolong postoperative analgesia following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Morphine is effective but associated with opioid-related adverse effects, while dexmedetomidine has emerged as a potential alternative. Aim: To compare the analgesic duration and safety profile of intrathecal hyperbaric levobupivacaine with morphine versus dexmedetomidine in parturients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean section. Material and Methods: A prospective randomized study involved 100 parturients divided into two groups. Group A received intrathecal hyperbaric levobupivacaine combined with 100 μg of morphine, with a mean age of 31.12 ± 4.08 years. Group B received intrathecal hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 3 μg of dexmedetomidine, with a mean age of 30.88 ± 4.32 years. Analgesic efficacy, hemodynamic parameters, adverse effects, and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Results: Both groups achieved adequate analgesia for 24 hours. Pain scores at 16 hours were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group. Opioid-related adverse effects were more frequent in the morphine group, while hemodynamic stability and neonatal outcomes were comparable. Conclusion: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine provides superior quality of analgesia with fewer adverse effects compared to morphine when used as an adjuvant to hyperbaric levobupivacaine for elective caesarean section.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Uday Pratap, Dr. Ruchi Gupta, Dr. Kishan Singh Kushawah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Orthopaedic Surgery Interventions in Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria: An Analysis of Patient Sociodemographics and Comorbidities
Background: Orthopaedic surgical procedures account for a substantial part of the global surgical burden. This study evaluates the demographics, indications, types, and comorbidities in patients who underwent orthopaedic interventions at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, between January 2019 and December 2024. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data collected from the theatre registers and case notes at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti. A total of 450 entries were reviewed, with analyses focusing on 431 complete entries. Sociodemographic information, intervention data, and comorbidities were collected and categorized accordingly. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the analysis. Results: Mean age of patients was 40.7 (22.6) years. Male patients constituted 59.2% of the cohort. The most common age group for surgery was 31-40 years (18.6%). The vast majority of interventions performed were elective (86.8%), with lower limb fractures being the leading indication (46.2%). Surgical procedures were predominantly open reduction and internal fixation (38.1%). No significant association between sex and type of surgery. Statistically significant differences in mean ages across comorbidities (p < 0.001). Higher likelihood of elective surgery among patients from lower socioeconomic statuses (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights critical trends in demographic and clinical characteristics among patients undergoing orthopaedic interventions. Significant association between comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and orthopaedic surgery interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Moruf B, Yusuf; Dr. David B. Idowu; Dr. Oluwamuyiwa A. Dada, Dr. Emamizo U. Ojo-Maliki, Dr. Olorunwa O. Kolawole, Dr. Owolabi D. Ojo, Dr. Waheed A. Adegbiji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Toward Precision Metformin Therapy: OCT1 Pharmacogenomics and a Genotype-Guided Clinical Algorithm in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Objective: To systematically evaluate the influence of organic cation transporter 1 genetic polymorphisms on therapeutic response to metformin and to assess their relevance for personalized management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design: A Systematic review conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses 2020 principles using an integrative synthesis approach. Subjects/Patients: Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving metformin monotherapy or predominant metformin-based therapy across diverse ethnic populations. Methods: PubMed was searched for open access human studies evaluating SLC22A1 polymorphisms and glycemic outcomes. Fifteen studies including prospective cohorts, randomized pharmacogenetic subanalyses and observational designs were included. Data on Organic Cation Transporter 1 variants metformin exposure and glycemic endpoints were extracted and synthesized. Results: Reduced function organic cation transporter 1 variants were consistently associated with diminished glycemic response to metformin. Carriers exhibited smaller reductions in glycated hemoglobin, delayed attainment of glycemic targets, and a higher likelihood of treatment escalation, with a clear gene dose effect and hepatic organic cation transporter 1 mediated uptake emerging as the principal determinant of therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: Organic cation transporter 1 genetic polymorphisms are a key determinant of interindividual variability in metformin response. Integrating organic cation transporter 1 pharmacogenomics into clinical algorithms may enhance therapeutic optimization and precision care in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; metformin pharmacogenomics; organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1); genetic polymorphisms; glycemic response variability; precision medicine; personalized therapeutics.
Endocrinology; Diabetology; Clinical Pharmacology; Pharmacogenomics; Translational Medicine; Precision Medicine; Molecular Genetics
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Suhena Sarkar, MD, Dr. Birupaksha Biswas, MD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Nursery School Children in Buea Municipality, South West Region - Cameroon
Background: Malnutrition is a public health concern due to its negative impact on human performance, growth, and development, especially in children. The preschool period is the critical stage of active development and growth of physical, social, and mental well-being of children The main objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of nursery school children aged 2-5years. Method: It was a cross section, descriptive school-based study of Nursery school children. A semi structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics of the children. Nutritional status of the children was assessed using anthropometric measurements (mid upper arm circumference, Body mass index) and dietary intake. The children were weighed and measured as per the WHO guidelines on Anthropometry. Data collected was analyzed using the Stats Graphics and SPSS version 20. Results were presented using frequencies, percentages and means were calculated and presented on tables and charts. Results: The results recorded revealed that, out of the 431 Nursery school children who took part in the study, 54. 3% were males and 45. 7% were females. Majority 45. 5% of the children were within the age range of 4 - 4. 9 years. From the MUAC measurements, severe acute malnutrition (≤11. 5cm), moderate acute malnutrition (11. 5-12. 5cm) and mild acute malnutrition (12. 5- 13. 5cm) were recorded according to WHO classification. The group with the most (4. 9%) severe acute malnutrition, moderate acute malnutrition (10. 9%), Mild acute malnutrition (15. 5%) were children within the age range of 3- 3. 9 years. Based on gender and BMI for age, Most (16. 4%) of the underweight children were boys and most of them (7. 4%) were of the age range of 4 - 4. 9 years and the boys (3. 9%) of the age range 3 -3. 9 years were overweight. The overall prevalence of underweight children was 30. 2%. The findings on dietary intake revealed that 50. 7% of the children consumed mostly cereals and tubers and From the Protein group, few (7. 4%) consumed meat, fish and eggs and very few of them (3, 7%) consumed milk and milk products. Also, very few (3. 2%) consumed vegetables and fruits (2. 3%). Conclusion: This study concludes that Children in different nursery schools in Buea Municipality are malnourished to different extends and so the fight against malnutrition in the Buea municipality should be encouraged and nutritional interventions to improve on the nutritional status of school age children be stepped–up, as well as introducing nutrition education in schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kemayou Nkom Falonne, Dr Mary Chia Garba, Dr Njong Clementine Endam, Prof Anjah Mendi Grace https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Clinical Outcomes of Next-Generation Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Objective: To evaluate efficacy, durability, and safety of next-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies in relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Design: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines with a predefined protocol. Subjects/Patients: Pediatric and adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with next-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies using dual or multi-antigen targeting, cytokine-armored constructs, or logic-gated systems. Ten open-access studies including 327 heavily pretreated patients were analyzed. Methods: Electronic databases were systematically searched for eligible studies. Extracted data included patient characteristics, chimeric antigen receptor design, remission rates, durability, relapse patterns, and toxicity. Risk of bias was assessed. Results: Complete remission rates ranged from seventy-eight percent to ninety-two percent, exceeding historical outcomes. Dual or multi-antigen targeting reduced antigen-negative relapse to less than ten percent. Cytokine-armored constructs showed enhanced persistence and prolonged remission, with engineered T cells detectable beyond six months in over half of patients. Logic-gated systems showed comparable efficacy with improved specificity. Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity were manageable. Conclusion: Next-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies demonstrate robust efficacy, improved durability, and acceptable safety, representing a meaningful evolution of adoptive cellular immunotherapy requiring validation in larger standardized trials.
Genetics Focuses on chromosomal microdeletions, gene expression, and copy number variants (CNVs). Core discipline due to the article’s molecular and chromosomal emphasis. Genomics Includes structural and functional analysis of chromosome 16. Addresses genome-wide diagnostic tools like chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Molecular Biology Covers gene expression regulation, epigenetic changes, and miRNA-based mechanisms. Describes molecular pathways disrupted by microdeletions. Medical Genetics Involves genetic counseling, diagnosis of syndromes, and genotype–phenotype correlations. Focuses on clinical implications of chromosomal abnormalities. Developmental Biology Relevant due to neurodevelopmental disorders and congenital malformations caused by the microdeletion. Neuroscience Explores the neurodevelopmental effects of the 16p3 microdeletion, including links to ASD, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Reproductive Medicine Discusses infertility in males associated with Y chromosome and chromosome 16 microdeletions. Includes clinical management of azoospermia and oligospermia. Clinical Medicine Covers diagnosis, patient care, and treatment strategies for microdeletion syndromes. Bioinformatics Utilized in analyzing chromosomal structure and gene mapping, including three-dimensional genome modeling. Personalized/Precision Medicine Encompasses targeted therapies, gene editing (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9), and miRNA-based treatment strategies.
Inflammatory Markers in Breast Cancer: A Tertiary Centre Experience
Introduction: Chronic inflammation has shown to have a recognized part in carcinogenesis, influencing tumor initiation, development, and prognosis. In breast carcinoma, systemic inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been investigated as potential indicators of disease behaviour. This study was intended to evaluate the relationship between these inflammatory markers and key clinicopathological parameters in breast carcinoma patients. Methods: This study was undertaken at the Pathology department, Government Medical College, Jammu, between August 2023 and July 2024. Serum CRP and IL-6 levels were measured using spectrophotometry and chemiluminescence assays, respectively, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify TNF-alpha and interleukin-8. This study aimed to assess the levels of CRP, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients with breast carcinoma and to examine their associations with key histopathological parameters. Results: 56 cases of breast carcinoma were included. The mean age of the patients was 51.15 ± 8.23 years. Elevated levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were observed in 58.2%, 89.1%, 61.8%, and 89.1% of cases, respectively. CRP showed significant associations with lymph node status (p = 0.005), tumor stage (p = 0.002), tumor grade (p = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.001), ER/PR status (p < 0.001), and HER2neu expression (p = 0.003). No significant associations were observed between IL-6, IL-8, or TNF-α and most clinicopathological variables. Conclusion: Elevated CRP levels demonstrated strong correlations with adverse pathological features in breast carcinoma, proposing its potential as a cost-effective prognostic marker in routine clinical practice. Further prospective studies on a large scale are necessary to corroborate these findings and explore therapeutic interventions targeting inflammatory pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Hashim, Saniya Nisar, Rabiya Rasheed, Rajat Gupta, Subhash Bharadwaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
GLUT-2 and Plasma Insulin Concentrations in Women with and without GDM
Objective: To determine GLUT-2 and plasma insulin concentrations in women with and without gestational diabetes. Design: A prospective longitudinal cohort study of Mexicans. Subjects/Patients: included pregnant patients aged 18-45 years with normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes, with gestation>24 weeks. Methods: Sociodemographic characteristics, gestational risk factors, and baseline and final measurements of anthropometrics, glucose, insulin, lipid, and GLUT-2 were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test was used, 95%CI and p≤0.05 were considered, SPSS software was used vs25, approved by the Ethics and Research Committee (code: 2022-08-799). Results: A sample of 33 participants was analysed, 76.5% comprised the control group and 23.5% the GDM group, baseline and final clinical characteristics of the participants increased in the gestational diabetes group: GLUT-2 (28. 9±13.1 ng/mL vs 37.6±9.2 ng/mL, p=0.035) and insulin (33.8±11.1 µIU/mL vs 37.6±5.1 µIU/mL, p=0.017), both groups had hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance in the gestational diabetes group. Conclusion: The gestational diabetes group had higher GLUT-2 and insulin concentrations, as well as risk factors associated with pregnancy, suggesting that GLUT-2 measurement represents an alternative for better metabolic control and prevention of the development of this pathology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Betsy Sosa, Cristian F. Layton Tovar, Adriana Garduño Alanis, Hugo Mendieta Zerón https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Incidence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Comprehensive Clinical Study
Background: Retinopathy of prematurity is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, primarily affecting preterm and low birth weight neonates. Aim: To determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity and evaluate the association between neonatal and maternal risk factors with its occurrence. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 450 preterm and low birth weight neonates admitted to a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit. The mean gestational age of the neonates was 32.6 ± 2.4 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1.46 ± 0.31 kg. All neonates were screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using standard screening protocols. Results: In the present study, retinopathy of prematurity was identified in 40 out of 450 preterm and low birth weight neonates, resulting in an overall incidence of 8.9%, with a higher occurrence observed among neonates born at lower gestational ages and with lower birth weights. Male sex showed a slight predominance among affected infants, while maternal systemic diseases showed limited association. Conclusion: Retinopathy of prematurity remains a significant complication of prematurity, and early identification of high-risk neonates is essential for timely screening and prevention of visual morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bhavesh Govindbhai Mer, Dr. Modi Nehaben Vinodkumar, Dr. Maulika Vinodchandra Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/