Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, and short communications in the fields of medicine and medical sciences. The journal aims to provide a platform for researchers and healthcare professionals to share their latest findings and developments with the international medical community. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to, clinical medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, neurology, oncology, and epidemiology. The journal is particularly interested in publishing research that has a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine, and that is of interest to clinicians and researchers alike. The journal is committed to maintaining high standards of scientific integrity and ethical principles. All submitted manuscripts are subject to a rigorous peer-review process to ensure that only high-quality, scientifically valid research is published. The journal also follows strict guidelines for the protection of human subjects, ensuring that all research involving human subjects is conducted in accordance with international ethical standards. Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is an open-access journal, making its articles freely available to the public. This allows the journal to reach a wider audience and ensure that important research findings are widely disseminated. In conclusion, Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences is a valuable resource for anyone working in the fields of medicine and medical sciences, providing a platform for the exchange of knowledge and the dissemination of cutting-edge research.
Creative Commons License All articles published in Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A Comparative Analysis of Nomophobia and Social Media Addiction Among Medical and Non-Medical Undergraduates in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Objective: Nomophobia and social media addiction are prevalent, interrelated conditions driven by the psychological need for constant connectivity. Their impact on the mental well-being and academic performance of high-stress populations like medical students requires urgent investigation. Design & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students using a structured online questionnaire. Data were collected using validated scales: the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Results: This study reveals a high prevalence of nomophobia among students at both ANIIMS and JNRM in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with less than 2% of participants reporting no symptoms. JNRM students exhibited a broader spread across severity levels, including higher proportions of severe nomophobia, whereas ANIIMS students were predominantly in the moderate category. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study confirms the high prevalence of nomophobia among students in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, while revealing key inter-institutional differences. The JNRM cohort, characterized by heavier usage, showed a greater tendency toward severe nomophobia and poorer sleep quality compared to ANIIMS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Samar Hossain, Dr Aanchal Anand, Dr Gayathri Ponath Sukumaran, Dr Ajay Raj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysis of Patient Data Undergoing Computed Tomography Scans in the Emergency Department to Evaluate the Rates of Acute Pathology Detection According to the Reasons for Presentation
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the reasons for emergency department visits and the rates of pathological conditions in the imaging results of patients who underwent diagnostic computed tomography scans in the emergency department. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively. Patients' reasons for presenting to the emergency department and computed tomography imaging results were evaluated. Data were compared between traumatic and non-traumatic patient groups and between patient groups with and without acute pathology on imaging. Results: Data from 2627 patients were evaluated in the study. 52% percent of the patients were male. The mean age was 46.92±24.58. 59.5% of patients presented with non-traumatic causes. The most common complaint among non-traumatic patients was abdominal pain (21.1%), while the most common complaint among traumatic patients was falling (28.2%). Brain computed tomography scans were the most frequently performed(44.8%). No acute pathological findings were observed in 87.4% of patients. Conclusion: Acute pathology was not seen in the vast majority of computed tomography scans performed in the emergency department. It should be remembered that radiation doses are high in computed tomography, and great care should be taken when requesting diagnostic imaging, and appropriate indications must be determined.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa ALPASLAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Arrangement of a Framework, Scheimpflug Imaging and the Modern Treatment of the Ectatic Corneal Disorder: Keratoconus
Objective: To review recent advancements in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of keratoconus, emphasizing the role of Scheimpflug imaging and the Belin ABCD classification in early detection and treatment planning. Design: Systematic review conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Methods: Electronic searches were performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2010–2025) with keywords “Scheimpflug imaging,” “keratoconus,” and “corneal tomography.” Out of 178 identified records, 23 studies met inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively for diagnostic precision, epidemiology, and treatment outcomes. Results: Scheimpflug-based imaging significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy by generating 3D corneal tomography and evaluating both anterior and posterior curvatures, pachymetry, and biomechanical indices. Epidemiological data reveal higher keratoconus prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Management strategies-ranging from contact lenses and corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) to DALK, PK, ICRS, and CAIRS-demonstrate improved stabilization and visual outcomes. The Belin ABCD classification outperforms traditional Amsler-Krumeich grading for progression monitoring. Conclusion: Integration of advanced imaging and modern classification systems has revolutionized keratoconus management. Scheimpflug imaging, when combined with personalized therapeutic approaches, allows earlier intervention, better disease stabilization, and enhanced visual prognosis.
Corneal-Collagen-Cross-Linking with Riboflavin (C3R/CXL/CCL/KXL)
Deep-Anterior-Lamellar-Keratoplasty (DALK)
Intrastromal-Corneal-Ring Segments (ICRS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahesh Chandra, PhD, Jitendra Singh, PhD, Imran Ahmad Ansari, Ayush Jha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impact of Renal Function on Apixaban and Rivaroxaban Use in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Objective: To assess how renal function influences the efficacy and safety of Apixaban and Rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Design: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Methods: A comprehensive literature search identified studies published between 2018 and 2024 evaluating Apixaban or Rivaroxaban use in AF patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. Twenty-six studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed for outcomes related to stroke prevention, bleeding risk, and dose adjustment. Results: Apixaban and Rivaroxaban were both effective in stroke prevention among AF patients with CKD. However, Apixaban consistently demonstrated a superior safety profile, with lower rates of major bleeding, particularly in patients with moderate to severe CKD or on dialysis. This benefit is attributed to Apixaban’s lower renal clearance compared with Rivaroxaban, which often requires dose modification in renal impairment. Most studies favored Apixaban for patients with advanced CKD, while Rivaroxaban use was associated with higher bleeding risk in severe renal dysfunction. Conclusion: Apixaban offers favorable safety and comparable efficacy to Rivaroxaban in AF patients with CKD. Individualized anticoagulation strategies guided by renal function are essential, and further studies are warranted in end-stage renal disease populations.
Atrial fibrillation; Chronic kidney disease; Stroke prevention; Direct oral anticoagulants; Apixaban; Rivaroxaban; Renal function; Anticoagulation safety
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilhelmina N. Hauwanga, Abisola M. Olowofeso, Amoolya R. Amaravadhi, Marwa A. Kdouk, Johny Davilma, Onyinye E. Ebiliekwe, Ifunanya R. Ekeocha, Abdelwahab Ahmed, Pranav Tiyyala, Hassan A. Ahmed, Billy McBenedict https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Kaleidoscopic Spectrum of Orbito-ocular Lesions
Background: Ophthalmic lesions comprise a wide range of disorders ranging from benign and precancerous to malignant lesions. The rarity of orbito-ocular lesion, further complicates the recognition of their fine and subtle presentations. This can pose a huge diagnostic dilemma to the ophthalmologist and pathologist. This study was undertaken with an intention to study the demographic details, site, clinical presentation and histopathological findings of orbito-ocular lesions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis and for further patient management. Aim: To determine the spectrum of histopathological diagnosis of orbito-ocular lesions. Objectives: 1. To categorize the orbito-ocular lesions into six groups, viz., I-Non-neoplastic (A-Inflammatory, B- Infectious, C- Degenerative, D-Cysts, E-End stage condition, F- Autoimmune disease), II- Precursor lesions, III- Benign, IV- Malignant, V-Metastatic and VI-Syndromic based on the clinical and final histopathological diagnosis.2. To study the frequency distribution of cases according to age, sex, location and clinical presentation of the lesions. 3. To list out the spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions in each category. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective descriptive study conducted for a period of 7 years (2018-2024). Paraffin embedded blocks, slides (including special stains and IHC slides) and previous reports were retrieved and reviewed. Data was collated and analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS software. Results: A total of 348 cases were included in the study. Majority of the cases were in the age group of 51-60 years. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Eyelid was the commonest location of lesions constituting 40% (n=139) of the total number of cases. The most common clinical presentation of the lesions was mass (53%, n=186). Non-neoplastic lesions (44.5%, n=155) constituted the majority of cases among all the categories followed by benign lesions (29%, n=102). Among the non-neoplastic lesions, cystic lesions (ID) were predominant constituting 42.5% (n=66) of the total cases. Conclusion: All the ophthalmic biopsies and specimens should be subjected for histopathological examination as the knowledge of spectrum of orbito-ocular lesions will prove to be helpful to the ophthalmologists in shaping the strategy for diagnosis and management of lesions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Seethapathy G, Dr. Suguna B.V., Dr. Shubha H.V., Dr. Vijaya C. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Innovations in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum: Integrating Imaging and Biomarkers for Precision Prenatal Care
Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a life-threatening obstetric complication, and increasing prevalence of this condition underscores the importance of correct and prompt diagnosis to maximize maternal and fetal outcomes. Aim and Objective: This research aims to give a response to the following question: "What is the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, MRI, and new biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum, and how do these modalities best integrate to maximize clinical decision-making?" Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted through searching PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for research articles from January 2020 to April 2025 under the terms of PAS, ultrasound, MRI, and biomarkers. Inclusion criteria were original studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of the modalities for PAS with histopathological or intraoperative gold standard. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Twenty studies were incorporated. Ultrasound had pooled sensitivity of 0.87 and pooled specificity of 0.86, and MRI was also as accurate. Radiomics, multiparametric MRI, and biomarker panels (miRNA, serum proteins) also enhanced diagnostic performance with AUCs of up to 0.98. Employing greater than a single diagnostic criterion and modality enhanced accuracy, particularly in complicated cases. Conclusion: Ultrasound, MRI, and new biomarkers together are highly sensitive and specific for PAS. Standardization of diagnostic criteria, validation of biomarkers, and artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support should be the agenda of future studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vijayakumar Chinnasamy, Sanul Shahi K Salim, Nadha Rahim, Noula Rahim, Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Retrospective Observation Study: CT Imaging Scoring Systems as Predictors of Mortality in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health challenge, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Rapid and accurate prognostication in the emergency department is crucial for triage, clinical decision-making, and allocation of resources. Several computed tomography (CT)-based scoring systems have been developed, yet comparative evaluation in Indian tertiary care settings remains limited. Objective: To assess and compare the prognostic accuracy of five widely used CT-based scoring systems- Rotterdam, Helsinki, Stockholm, Marshall, and Neuroimaging Radiological Interpretation System (NIRIS)- for predicting in-hospital and 30-day mortality among TBI patients. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 278 adult TBI patients admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary care center in Ahmedabad, India, during 2024. All underwent non-contrast CT within two hours of arrival. Scans were independently reviewed by neuro-radiologists and scored using the five CT-based systems. Mortality outcomes were analyzed at discharge and 30 days post-injury. Diagnostic performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The overall 30-day mortality was 15.1% (n=42). Higher scores in all systems correlated with increased mortality (p<0.001). The Stockholm score demonstrated the best performance (specificity 91%, AUC 0.89), followed by the Helsinki score (AUC 0.86). Rotterdam and Marshall scores also showed strong discriminatory ability, while NIRIS was moderately predictive. Diffuse axonal injury, cerebral edema, and midline shift were significant imaging predictors of poor outcome. Conclusion: All five CT-based scoring systems are valid predictors of mortality in TBI patients. The Stockholm and Helsinki scores demonstrated superior prognostic performance and may be incorporated into early emergency department assessment, particularly when combined with clinical variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale. These findings highlight the importance of structured imaging-based scoring for improving early risk stratification and guiding management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Nilesh Thanth, Dr. Khushbu Kella, Dr. Dharmistra Dhusa, Dr Bhavesh Jarwani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BISAP Scoring System in Predicting Severity and Outcome in Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Study
Acute pancreatitis is a leading emergency admission worldwide and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Early risk stratification is critical to guiding therapeutic interventions. This study evaluated the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score, a simple clinical tool, in predicting severity, organ failure, and in-hospital mortality among patients within 24 hours of presentation. Eighty consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care center were prospectively assessed, and BISAP was calculated for each. Outcomes measured included severity (organ failure, necrotizing pancreatitis), duration of hospitalization, and mortality. BISAP ≥ 3 predicted severe disease, with higher scores strongly associated with necrotizing pancreatitis and death. BISAP enables early risk stratification, potentially improving patient outcomes through appropriate triage and management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elilnambi, Nithila, Sabu Jeyasekaran, Bala, Mohanapriya Thyagarajan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Outcome of Revision External DCR using Mitomycin C with or without Intubation in Failed Primary DCR
Objectives: The study evaluates revision dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) outcomes with intra-operative mitomycin-C, addressing the need for intubation in unsuccessful primary DCR cases. It also examines the safety of mitomycin-C, complications of lacrimal intubation, and factors contributing to primary DCR failure. Methods: This Prospective study was conducted at AIIMS, New Delhi, involving patients with primary DCR failure lasting over 6 months. Adults aged 18 and above willing to participate were included, while exclusion criteria those with certain medical conditions or prior surgeries. The standard external DCR procedure included excising scar tissue and performing a bony osteotomy. Total 40 patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 (20 patients) underwent revision external DCR with lacrimal intubation and intraoperative mitomycin C treatment, while Group 2 (20 patients) received the same treatment without intubation. Results: Total of 40 adult patients with failed primary dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) were studied. Mean ages were 37.05 years for Group 1 and 39.70 years for Group 2, with a higher prevalence of females in both groups. Major findings indicated fibrosis around the bony ostium, with some patients lacking an ostium. Post-operative complications like foreign body sensation were more common in Group 1 during tube placement, but outcomes post-tube removal were similar for both groups. Anatomical success was 100% for Group 1 and 95% for Group 2 at four months, while functional success was 90% for Group 1 and 80% for Group 2, with no significant differences overall indicating comparable results for both techniques in anatomical and functional success. Conclusion: Revision external DCR with Mitomycin C achieved 97.5% anatomical and 85% functional success rates in previously unsuccessful cases. Fibrosis was the primary reason for failure. Silicone tube intubation led to a slightly higher success rate (100% anatomical, 90% functional) compared to non-intubation, though differences were not statistically significant. Post-operative complications were more frequent with intubation but resolved after tube removal. The procedure is viewed as safe, reliable, and effective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Brijesh Kumar, Prof. Neelam Pushker, Dr. Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Dr. Kumari Rachna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Retrospective Cohort Study on the Impact of Oxytocin and Carbetocin on Trend of Blood Transfusion Needs Following Caesarean Delivery
Objective: To analyze the 10-year impact of carbetocin and oxytocin on trend of blood transfusion needs during Caesarean, in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). Design: Retrospective 10-year analysis. Subjects: 5,684 women who had Caesarean. Methods: Ethical clearance secured, a ten-year analysis of all Caesarean-related blood loss and transfusions was conducted from 1st January, 2015 to 31st December, 2024. Data were obtained from Obstetric theatre, Recovery room, Postnatal ward, Intensive care unit, and Obstetric Anaesthesia Unit records in UPTH. Results: Out of 5684 Caesarean 3427 had oxytocin and 2257 received carbetocin for third stage management. Mean blood loss [range: 699.2 (207.7) - 706.9 (218.1) versus 437.2 (112.8) - 576.7 (167.1)], proportion (%) of parturients who had blood loss >1000ml (range: 4.5 – 6.9 versus 0.0 – 3.6), needed transfusion (range: 4.1 – 7.7 versus 1.1 – 2.9), and required additional uterotonic (42.95 versus 9.39) were greater with oxytocin compared to carbetocin. With carbetocin fewer parturients experienced bradycardia (2) and hypotension (33) compared to 9 and 550 respectively, following oxytocin administration. Conclusion: There was greater reduction in Caesarean-related blood loss, transfusion, additional uterotonic use, bradycardia and hypotension, with carbetocin administration compared to oxytocin.
Caesarean, Carbetocin, Oxytocin, Transfusion Needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfred Tamunoigbanibo Aggo, Fiekabo Hart, Sotonye Fyneface-OganGAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Early Childbearing a Risk Factor for Gestational Hypertension in Rural Population in Chhattisgarh
Hypertension is the most common medical condition during pregnancy and is classified into four types: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension are major causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder, typically developing after 20 weeks of gestation. It is characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and symptoms such as sudden weight gain. Although inadequate placentation begins early in pregnancy, clinical signs often appear later. If unmanaged, PE may progress to eclampsia, a severe complication involving seizures. This 5-year retrospective study (2014–2018) assessed the prevalence of PE and eclampsia in rural Chhattisgarh. Among 991 pregnant women, 3.73% had pre-eclampsia and 4.33% had eclampsia. The highest prevalence occurred in women aged 19-23 years-72.9% for PE and 65.1% for eclampsia. The high incidence in younger age groups is likely due to early marriage and childbearing, common in rural areas. Urbanization-related lifestyle changes may also contribute to the increasing risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kulshreshth Sinha, Dr Bharti Sahu, Sandeep Dasnam, Dr Varaprasad Kolla, Dr Andrea Kolla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Rural and Urban Populations: A Global Scoping Review
Background: Pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders (HDP) are important predictors of maternal and neonatal health outcomes, particularly for rurality-based as well as under-represented groups. Although of large magnitude, detailed data of HDP among them continue to remain lacking. Aim and Objective: The scoping review seeks to map the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes of HDP among underrepresented groups and those living in the countryside, highlighting gaps in the current evidence base. The research sought to pose the question: "What is the prevalence, what are the risk factors associated with it, how is management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy addressed at the moment among the people living in the countryside or among underrepresented groups of people, and what interventions hold promise for outcome improvement?" Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched for 2016-2025 publications. Publications were included where HDP was described among the rural or disadvantaged groups. Data was extracted and thematically synthesized in the context of descriptors. Results: Sixteen studies were included. There was variability in the prevalence of HDP among the studies. Risk factors identified included socioeconomic status, access to medical care, and educational attainment. Treatment measures tended to be basic and variable between the rural and the urban areas. Conclusion: A pressing necessity exists for specific interventions and policy frameworks aimed at addressing Health Disparities among rural and marginalized populations. Subsequent research should concentrate on the establishment of standardized data gathering methods, the assessment of intervention efficacy, and the incorporation of technological innovations to enhance maternal health results within these communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nithya M.P., Mamta Gopaldas Parmar, Nivethitha S.K., Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Oestrogen and Women’s Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review
Background: Oestrogen and oestrogen-modulating therapies remain central to women’s health, yet their associations with cancer, cardiovascular outcomes, and fibroid disease continue to be debated. The objective of this umbrella review was to determine: Is oestrogen exposure associated with increased risk of cancer recurrence, ovarian cancer incidence, fibroid regression, or cardiovascular events, and what is the strength of such associations across published systematic reviews and meta-analyses? Material and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to July 2024 identified 15 eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Study credibility was assessed using AMSTAR-2 and a structured evidence-grading framework. Pooled estimates, heterogeneity statistics, publication bias tests, and exploratory regression analyses were performed. Results: The pooled synthesis did not show an overall statistically significant effect Condition-specific findings emerged: ovarian cancer incidence demonstrated a probable increased risk with systemic hormone exposure, whereas extended endocrine therapy, cardiovascular myocardial infarction, fibroid regression with SERMs, and recurrence in breast or endometrial cancer survivors showed weak or null associations. Funnel plot analyses indicated no significant asymmetry. Linear regression of study-level covariates revealed poor explanatory value. Conclusion: Oestrogen exposure appears condition-specific, with a probable increased risk for ovarian cancer incidence but weak or absent associations for other outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vidhyanandhini Paramanandhan, Shobana Ramasamy, Jothikala C, Swathi N, Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Study of Clinical and Radiological Profile of Non-Traumatic Intracerebral Haemorrhage in Adult Patients Along with Assessment of Risk Factors and Prognostic Factors in Emergency Medicine Department
Background: Among all the strokes the intracerebral haemorrhage comprises of about 8-13% and carries a significant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyse risk factors, Neuroimaging, clinical profile, prognostic factors and outcome. Materials and Methodology: This study was carried out in the Emergency medicine Department, B. J. medical college and civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. After obtained informed consent, 200 Patients were evaluated by history, clinical examination, presenting signs and symptoms. The onset stroke severity was assessed by GCS and NIHS Scale. CT scan or MRI brain was reviewed for intracerebral haemorrhage location, volume and intraventricular extention. The final outcome at discharge was evaluated by GOS and MRS. Results: The most important factors predicting the final outcome were size, location of haematoma, NIHSS, GCS and ICH score. High ICH score, NIHSS and low GCS at the time of admission were significantly associated with poor clinical outcome(p<0.05). 125(62.5%) patients had good outcome and 75(37.5%) had poor outcome with GOS Score <4. According to MRS Scale, 122(61%) patients had good outcome and 78(39%) had poor outcome with MRS Scale >4. Conclusion: All the patients were prognosticated on the basis of GCS, NIHSS, ICH, MRS, GOS Scores calculated on admission and discharge. The mean age was 56.8 years. Hypertension was the most common risk factor. Both the outcome score values were almost similar in this study, validating the scoring system for prognostication.
spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage(sICH)
National institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Jigarkumar B. Gosai, Shraddhaben P. Kalsariya, Chirag J. Patel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bridging the Gap: Attitudes Towards Communication Skills and Their Assessment in Medical Education
Objectives: 1. To assess MBBS Phase III-Part-1 medical student’s attitudes towards need of communication skills. 2. To assess communication skills among MBBS Phase III-Part-1 medical students. Methodology: This is an interventional study conducted among MBBS Phase 3 students of a medical college to assess students’ attitude towards need of communication skills in medical education and observed communication skill scale to assess communication skill before and after educational intervention. Data was analysed for descriptive statistics and paired t test for determining association. Results: Impact of educational intervention on communication skills and attitudes towards need of communication skills in medical education. Gender-based comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences. Observed communication skills assessment score also improved notably post-intervention. Rapport building increased from 2.10 to 3.69, attention and patience while listening rose from 3.42 to 5.81, and responsiveness improved from 1.65 to 4.00. Conclusion: There was a positive change in attitude towards need of communication skill. Significant improvement in skills was observed among both genders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Shwetha Hariba, Dr Divyarani MN, Dr Sowmya SM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Meta-Analysis
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality globally and more than 500 million people are already affected. It has been estimated that almost 800 million may be living with T2DM by 2045. This review evaluated the association between antibiotic exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A systematic search of PubMed, Dimensions, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect was conducted on 5th June, 2025 and four (4) eligible studies were identified, that are all cohort studies. Data synthesis was performed using RevMan version 5.4.1, employing a fixed-effects model to pool hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence int ervals (CI). Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I² statistics, Chi² tests, and funnel plots. The pooled HR identified was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.12–1.53), corresponding to a 31% increase in diabetes risk among individuals with longer antibiotic exposure compared to those unexposed. However, the overall effect was statistically significant (Z = 3.44, P < 0.0001). Moreover, substantial heterogeneity was observed across the four (4) studies (Chi² = 24.94, df = 3, P < 0.0001; I² = 88%). Ultimately, extended antibiotic duration and frequent/recurrent courses are each associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Clinicians and patients should be aware of these potential long-term effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olabisi Promise Lawal , Obiageri Ihuarulam Okeoma, Precious Esong Sone, Bolawa Fredrick Babatunde, Gabriel Dogbanya, Mary Tomi Olorunkosebi, Enikuomehin Oluwatoyin Justina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Pharmacovigilance in Dental Practice: Opportunities for Pharmacy-Dentistry Collaboration
Pharmacovigilance is considered to be an essential part in ensuring drug safety across healthcare disciplines, despite that, its integration into dental practice is limited and overlooked. Dentists prescribe antibiotics, analgesics, and local anesthetics on a daily basis, all of which can result in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, reporting of ADRs by dental professionals is significantly lower than in other medical fields, which causes gaps in public health surveillance and patient safety. This narrative review highlights the poorly developed state of pharmacovigilance in the realm of dentistry, identifying key barriers such as a lack of awareness, limited educational training, and systemic issues responsible for the under-reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The review points out the growing critical role of pharmacists for boosting drug safety through patient counseling, prescription monitoring, and facilitating ADR reporting mechanisms. The review calls for multi-professional teamwork, especially for those from the low- and middle-income countries, and proposes the infusion of online tools, target educational programs, and policy changes for the integration of pharmacovigilance into routine dental practice and public health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mazin S. Matar, Ldan Salah Habib Alla Elatta, Walaa Abdelgayoum Suliman Basheir, Khadija Mohamed Khalid, Duaa HabibAlla Babiker, Bashir A. Yousef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Impact of Fasting on Migraine in Saudi Arabia 2025
Background: Migraine is a common neurological disorder that may be triggered by lifestyle changes, including fasting during Ramadan. Although many patients report worsening symptoms during fasting, evidence from Saudi Arabia remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ramadan fasting on migraine frequency, severity, and contributing factors among adult patients with migraine. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at King Fahad Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Medical records of 277 adult migraine patients were reviewed, and additional information was collected via structured telephone interviews. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28. Descriptive statistics summarized patient demographics and clinical characteristics, while Chi-square and Exact Probability tests assessed associations between fasting-related migraine and clinical variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 277 participants, 75.1% were female, and 83.4% reported severe migraine (VAS 7–10). During Ramadan, 75.8% (210/277) experienced fasting-related migraines, with 59.0% reporting more than five daily attacks. Most participants managed their attacks by resting (89.5%), while few used medications (5.2%) or broke their fast (4.3%). Factors significantly associated with fasting-related migraine included longer migraine history (p=0.001), higher pain severity (p=0.002), current medication use (p=0.001), prior emergency visits (p=0.017), shorter sleep duration (p=0.016), and poorer sleep quality (p=0.049). Notably, 61.9% reported no change in migraine frequency or severity compared to non-fasting months, while 21.0% experienced worsening and 6.2% noted improvement. Conclusion: Ramadan fasting significantly influences migraine experiences, with many patients reporting increased attack frequency and severity, particularly those with chronic migraine history, severe baseline pain, or poor sleep. Pre-Ramadan counseling on hydration, sleep hygiene, and medication adjustments is recommended to reduce fasting-related migraine burden.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdolaziz Al-Ghamdi, Adeeb Alangari, Abdullah Memish, Bader Alrowaished, Ziyad Alshagawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
To Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the ETEP Technique in Treating Inguinal Hernias
Background: Inguinal hernia (IH) refers to the abdominal void protrusion via the inguinal canal. Tension-free hernioplasty (OTFH) is the standard procedure for effective treatment. Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal prosthesis (TEP) is a novel procedure obviates the need for the opening of the patient's abdominal cavity and allows for a direct operation on the patient's anterior peritoneal space with benefits less pain, faster recovery, and a lower risk of complications. Methods: Prospective study conducted at Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ETEP technique in treating inguinal hernias from 1stAugust 2023-31stJuly2024 with sample size of 50 subjects. Results: Primary and incisional hernia was revealed in 56% and 44% of the subjects respectively. Most of the subjects had unilateral hernia (92%). Mean operative time was 121.48±18.97minutes. Mean VAS was 4.8 after 12 hrs of surgery. Mean hospital stay after surgery was 1.2±0.4days. Mean duration to return back to work after surgery was 9.5days. No complication was reported among the study subjects. Conclusion: e-TEP technique is striking among all surgical approaches for laparoscopic hernia repair. eTEP approach gives a wide area to negotiate around and conclude the procedure, thus taking out the shortcomings of TEP/TAPP in inguinal hernias.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayushi Bhushan, Mohit Kumar, Abhimanyu Singh Manhas, Gurbir Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Safety and Efficacy of 20% Azelaic Acid Vs 4% Hydroquinone in Melasma: A Comparative Study in A Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Melasma is an irregular brown or greyish-brown symmetric facial hyper melanosis, causing significant cosmetic concern and psychological morbidity with loss of self-esteem. Objectives: In spite of multiple treatment options, melasma seems to be a re-calcitrant as well as recurrent disease to treat. We tried to compare the treatment results with 4% hydroquinone and 20% azelaic acid. Results: The present study investigated safety and efficacy of two drugs 4% hydroquinone and 20% Azelaic Acid by measuring MASI score and dermatoscopic finding. 60 patients were randomized into two treatment groups. One group were treated with 4% hydroquinone and other group with 20% azelaic acid for 4 months. Every month patients were evaluated by MASI score and dermatoscopy. Conclusion: The study revealed that 4% hydroquinone was more efficacious than 20% azelaic acid in terms of pigment clearance, however, considering the short duration of the study, long term adverse effect of the drugs cannot be monitored.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Md Rahamat, Dr. Kingshuk Chatterjee, Dr. Arun Achar, Dr. Joyeeta Chowdhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Body Mass Index as a Determinant of Inguinal Hernia Type: A Clinical Analysis
Background: Inguinal hernias are among the most frequent conditions encountered surgically worldwide. It is hypothesized that body mass index (BMI) is involved in the occurrence and distribution pattern of types of hernias, yet the relationship is debated. Objectives: This study sought to establish the relationship between the type of inguinal hernia and BMI and determine the significance of age and sex as covariates. The research question addressed was: Does BMI strongly predict the occurrence of direct inguinal hernia against the occurrence of indirect inguinal hernia in adults? Methods: An observational retrospective study was carried out between January 2024 and September 2025 at Karuna Medical College, located at Vilayodi, Chittur, Palakkad. The research signed up a total of 54 adult patients with unilateral inguinal hernia. The demographic and anthropometric information was extracted from medical records and then entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 and statistical analysis was carried out using R Studio. Analytical methods applied included descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square test, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Cohort age was 56.84 ± 14.84 years and BMI was 24.41 ± 3.08 kg/m². Direct hernia was dominant (55.56%) over indirect hernia (44.44%). Significant difference in BMI was observed between direct and indirect hernia groups (p=0.0281). Logistic regression established BMI as an independent correlate of direct hernia (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04–1.59, p=0.0205). No significant correlation was noted between type of hernia and age and sex. Conclusion: Increased BMI was strongly associated with direct inguinal hernia, and it suggests broader body weight distribution as a probable dominant factor amongst patients for this subtype. These findings highlight the importance of considering the BMI for risk stratification and preoperative evaluation of patients with hernias. Large-scale, multicentric studies are recommended for strengthening the evidence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Palaniappan Swaminathan, Sukanya M, Sanjeedh Ahamed, Swathi, Ameega Fathima, Fathima Basheer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Anti-diabetic Medication Use, Glycaemic Control and Sexual Function: A Cross Sectional Study Among Men with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria
Introduction: Drug utilization studies are usually aimed at promoting rational use of medicines, improving therapeutic outcomes and enhancing patients’ quality of life. Studies on anti-diabetic drugs generally focus on the pattern of prescription and use without necessary assessing the association between drug use and glycemic control. Objectives: This study was aimed at evaluating the association between anti-diabetic medication use, glycemic control and sexual function in men with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: It was cross sectional, descriptive, hospital-based study conducted among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving care at two selected healthcare facilities in Nigeria. Data on the socio-demographic details of the participants was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The clinical, biochemical and anthropometric characteristics of the patients were also obtained. Furthermore, data on sexual function was obtained using the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF). Data on the prescribed antidiabetic drugs were obtained and reviewed. Data analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS programme. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used as applicable with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 213 male patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus were recruited into the study. About 71.8% (n = 153) of the participants were identified as having sexual dysfunction (SD). Erectile dysfunction was the most frequently reported form of sexual dysfunction [97.4% (95% CI = 93.4 - 99.3%)]. Fasting blood sugar (χ2 = 4.73; p = 0.03) and glycosylated hemoglobin (χ2 = 5.13; p = 0.04) were significantly associated with the presence sexual dysfunction among the patients. The biguanides (36.67%; n = 510) were the most frequently prescribed class of antidiabetic drug. Only pioglitazone was significantly associated with glycemic control [OR (95% CI) = 0.40(0.19-0.85); p = 0.02]. There was no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) between the prescribed antidiabetic drugs and the occurrence of sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: The occurrence of sexual dysfunction was high in the patient population studied. It was significantly associated with the level of glycemic control. There was no statistically significant association between antidiabetic drug use and the occurrence of sexual dysfunction in this patient population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Unwana Osom, Unyime Eshiet, Paul Nwafor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Menstrual Hygiene Management Among Adolescent Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study of Practices, Perceptions, and Contextual Challenges in School Settings
Objective: To assess the prevalence and patterns of menstrual disorders and their impact on school attendance and daily activities among rural adolescent schoolgirls in South Andaman. Design: Community-based cross-sectional study. Subjects/Patients: A total of 288 adolescent schoolgirls from the Community Health Centre Bambooflat area, South Andaman, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Methods: Sample size was calculated using prevalence of 75% with 5% allowable error. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and analysed appropriately. Results: The vast majority (98.9%) of participants were aware of menstruation before menarche, primarily learning from their mothers (69.1%), yet significant gaps in biological knowledge persisted. While commercial sanitary pad use was predominant (94.1%), key practices like infrequent changing and non-standard disposal methods were strongly associated with poor menstrual hygiene status. Conclusion: Menstrual disorders are a significant concern among adolescent girls, underscoring the need for early identification, awareness, and supportive school-based interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Samar Hossain, Dr Aanchal Anand, Dr Ajay Raj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Percutaneous Antegrade Ureteric Stenting in Patients with Failed Retrograde Approach: A Prospective Study
Aim: To evaluate procedural success rate and complications in percutaneous antegrade ureteric stenting. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients (12 males, 9 females, mean age 48 years) with obstructive hydronephrosis, of benign or malignant origin with failure of retrograde stent placement were enrolled in our study. Primary stenting was attempted in 10(48%) patients and rest of the patients was subjected to conventional two stage procedure. End point assessments were technical and clinical success rate, procedural complications. Results: A total of 26 procedures in 21 patients were done in the study: 16 procedures in 11 patients were in the secondary group and 10 procedures in 10 patients were in the primary group. Our technical success rates were 87% and 80% in secondary and primary groups, respectively. Overall technical and clinical success rate in our study was 84.6% and 85% respectively. Five out of 21 patients developed (23.8%) minor complications; however there were no major complications in our study. Conclusion: Percutaneous antegrade ureteral stent placement is a safe and effective method for manage-ment of ureteric obstructions due to both malignant and benign causes when the retrograde approach has failed and when the retrograde approach is difficult.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Ajaz Mohi Ud Din, Dr Syed Sajad Ahmad, Dr Huda Amin, Dr Asma Gulzar, Dr Tavseef Ahmad Tali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Managing Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis: Insights from Clinical Cases and Literature
The agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors is a common dental anomaly that often presents aesthetic and functional challenges for patients and orthodontists. Patients are generally faced with two main treatment options: orthodontic space closure with canine substitution or space opening followed by prosthetic replacement. Both approaches aim to achieve satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes. While both options can provide acceptable results, their indications and outcomes differ depending on the individual characteristics of each patient and long-term considerations. This article highlights, through clinical cases, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in treatment planning for cases of lateral incisor agenesis, ensuring that the unique needs of each patient are addressed to achieve the best possible short- and long-term outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Salek, Abdelali Halimi, Fatima Zaoui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Hesitation and Acceptance of Vaccines Among Students of Health Colleges in the Tabuk Area: Have The COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccinations Efforts Aggravated the Issue?
Introduction: Vaccines are one of the pillars of the current medical care worldwide. COVID19 pandemic and the subsequent vaccinations campaigns had a complex impact on vaccine hesitancy. In this study we aimed to explore the level of hesitation and acceptance of vaccines among the medical students at the University of Tabuk. Methods: This is a questionnaire based cross sectional study. The questionnaire was available online for data collection in the time period from October 20 2023 to 31 March 2024. Results: Students from a wide range of medical specialties participated in this study. Although most of the students (93.5%) believed that vaccines are protective some potential barriers have been identified and included insufficiency of information, and believes in conspiracy. There is increasing mistrust in the vaccines manufacturers as 27.9% of the participants agreed to this notion. Large number of the students (39.4%) said they know families that do not vaccinate their kids. A 34% of all participants acknowledged that following the pandemic, they became skeptical about getting vaccinations. Conclusion: Negative views among medical students can compromise patient care. We must equip students with skills that help them identify misinformation and ability to convey it to their surroundings and to the patients.
Vaccine hesitancy, Covid19, Medical students
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab Ahmed, Ohod S Alshehri, Shroog F Alshammari, Kadi M Alharbi, Kadi M Alharbi, Ehab Ahmed Frah, Nehal Elsherbiny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Microbiology of Pin Site Infections in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital: A Prospective Analysis
Background: Pin site infection remains the most common complication following external fixation, with reported incidence rates varying widely. Understanding the microbiological profile of these infections is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies in resource-limited settings. Objective: To determine the microbiological profile, bacterial load, and infection rates of pin sites in patients undergoing external fixation at a Nigerian tertiary hospital, comparing two dressing protocols. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted over 10 months involving 50 patients undergoing external fixation at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Patients were randomized into two groups: Medi-Honey™ dressing (n=25) and povidone-iodine gauze dressing (n=25). Pin site cultures were obtained on the 5th postoperative day for microscopy, culture, and bacterial count. Clinical monitoring for infection was performed weekly for 4 weeks using the Dahl Wire Pin Site Classification system. Results: A total of 328 pin sites were evaluated, with an overall infection rate of 7.01% (23/328). The infection rate was significantly lower in the Medi-Honey™ group (3.70%) compared to the povidone-iodine group (11.51%) (p=0.001, RR=0.32, 95%CI: 0.14-0.76). Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism cultured (71.4%), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (28.6%). All cultured organisms were gram-positive cocci. Bacterial counts ranged from 58 to 126 CFU/ml. No significant association was found between bacteriological parameters and clinical outcomes (p=0.42). Conclusion: The study demonstrates a relatively low pin site infection rate with gram-positive cocci as the predominant pathogens. Medi-Honey™ dressing showed superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to povidone-iodine. These findings support the need for targeted antimicrobial strategies against staphylococcal species in pin site care protocols.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeoye Allen-Taylor, Aliu Olalekan Olatunji, Jemiludeen O. Morhason-Bello, Michael O. Okunola, Mosimabale J. Balogun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Immediate Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Mortality, Sepsis, and Hypothermia in Low Birth Weight Infants
Background: Neonatal mortality and morbidity remain a persistent issue, particularly in low-resource settings. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), early and prolonged skin-to-skin contact with exclusive breast feeding, has been shown to be a promising positive intervention. Aim and Objective: The meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to answer the research question: "In preterm or low birth weight infants, does Immediate or Early Kangaroo Mother Care reduce significantly neonatal mortality and morbidity, and improve clinical outcomes compared with standard care?" Methods: Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched through June 2025, as per the PRISMA guidelines. Thirteen studies met on the basis of set inclusion criteria for the systematic review, and 10 of them met for quantitative meta-analysis based on the presence of extractable effect sizes for mortality, sepsis, hypothermia, and apnea. Results: Pooled analysis showed early or immediate KMC to be associated with a significant 28-day neonatal mortality reduction (pooled RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65–0.86). Similarly, risk of sepsis was reduced by 23% (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.91), and sepsis mortality was reduced by 38% (RR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46–0.84). KMC also reduced hypothermia (pooled RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52–0.72) and apnea (especially in high-risk infants, e.g., RR = 0.47 in Jayaraman et al.). There were also increases in daily weight gain, respiratory stability, early initiation of breastfeeding, and reduced duration of oxygen support. Conclusion: Early or initiating KMC, even prior to full clinical stabilization, reduces neonatal mortality, sepsis, and hypothermia and improves several clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sakthivel S, Preyeamvadha R, K Sudha Bhanu, Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Unveiling Global Patterns, Diagnostic Frontiers, and Evolving Management Paradigms
Background: Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) is the leading etiology of gastric outlet obstruction in infancy, with progressive pyloric musculature hypertrophy. A comprehensive compilation of its global epidemiological trends, spectrum of investigations, varying therapeutic outcomes, and complications is required for refining clinical practice. Objective and Aim: The current systematic review and meta-analysis specifically sought to follow up the research query: "What are current epidemiological trends, diagnostic strategy, treatment results, and associated complications of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in different global populations, and what are implications of the findings for future clinical practice and research, and more specifically the integration of technological innovations?" Methods: Systematic research was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. After rigorous PRISMA-guided screening, 14 studies were chosen for systematic review. Directed meta-analysis was performed on 3 studies aiming specifically for male effect size proportion. Data extraction included epidemiological features, diagnosis methods, treatment patterns, and complication rates. Quality assessment was performed utilizing the proper tools pertinent to each study design. Results: The systematic review invariably showed a very high male predominance, with male-to-female ratios usually 4.25:1 to 4.7:1, and infants presenting at around 5 weeks of age. Ultrasonography was confirmed as the gold standard investigation. Surgical pyloromyotomy was maintained as the universally accepted definitive treatment. Complications were varied, with wound infection rates up to 10.8%, prolonged ileus events up to 3.9%, and very rare duodenal perforations, perhaps as high as 9.5%. Though mortality was usually low, there were occurrences reported by some series. The meta-analysis of the male proportion showed an overall effect size of almost 0.78 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.88). Conclusion: -IHPS exhibits a uniform presence of epidemiological characteristics at a global level, supported by competent diagnostic and treatment methods. Outcome and complication variations underscore the influence of heterogeneous healthcare environments. Future research should emphasize the need for standardized outcome reporting, refer to long-term consequences, and methodically incorporate emerging technologies, including AI-supported diagnostics and telemedicine monitoring, to maximize patient care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sakthivel S, K Sudha Bhanu, Preyeamvadha R, Shahul Hameed, Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Advancements in AI for Obesity Prediction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: The worldwide prevalence of obesity has reached an epidemic level and has presented a significant burden to public health infrastructure. There is a critical need for novel predictive instruments, and computerized intelligent systems (artificial intelligence or AI), specifically machine learning (ML), are an appealing method to precisely forecast obesity and associated health outcomes. Nonetheless, an extensive summary of recent evidence on the efficacy and usage of these models remains a critical void within literature. Aim and Objective: The principal research question to be addressed is: “What is the overall predictive efficacy of computer and machine-based intelligence systems in the prediction of obesity and overweight status in adult and adolescent populations?” Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on articles released in the time period 2020 to 2025. The databases used in this review were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. The relevant literature was searched by using the application of keywords and Boolean operators, namely "obesity," "overweight," "artificial intelligence," "machine learning," "deep learning," and "prediction." The total of ten studies were covered in the systematic review while four studies were chosen to be used in the meta-analysis. The quality of the studies were assessed by using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was undertaken using a random-effects model to calculate the pooled effect size, standard error, and 95% confidence interval with statistical analysis being done in RStudio. Results: A total of 307 studies were identified by the database searching. 92 duplicates and 215 abstracts were removed by screening. The full systematic review covered 10 studies. The meta-analysis in four of these studies with a pooled sample size of 363,731 produced a pooled effect size (proportion) of 0.730 (95% CI = 0.719 to 0.741) demonstrating a strong degree of predictive accuracy. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence and machine learning models consistently exhibit superior predictive capabilities in estimating obesity and overweight conditions. The results underscore the clinical significance of these models as essential instruments for early prevention and intervention efforts, providing an accurate methodology to tackle the public health challenge posed by obesity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Veerakesari S, Sarathlal S, Aleena Thomas Cheeran, Noula Rahim, Jamila Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/