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Recovered from Disinfectants Often Used in Khartoum Tertiary Care Hospitals, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates are able to Produce β-lactamase Resistance Enzymes

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Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences Volume 04 (2025), Version 14 December 19, 2025 pp. 1598 - 1605
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Abstract

Background and study aim: Disinfectants play a crucial role in infection control in hospitals, but some bacteria can resist these disinfectants or contaminate them. This study aims to investigate the potential disinfectant contamination in Sudanese hospitals by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Methods: The study period for this cross-sectional investigation was between November 2020 and October 2021. The actual collection of disinfectant samples was over a three-week period within that timeframe. Analysis was conducted on 44 disinfectant samples from nine hospitals in Khartoum state. The 44 disinfectant samples collected encompassed 9 distinct types of disinfectants commonly used in hospital settings. The presence of P. aeruginosa was determined using a combination of microbiological methods and genotypic techniques based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Additionally, PCR was used to identify a number of ß-lactamase genes. Results: Among 44 disinfectant samples, 7 samples (15.9%) tested positive for P. aeruginosa contamination. Contamination was most frequently observed in chloroxylenol-based disinfectants (5/9), followed by sodium hypochlorite (1/6) and chlorhexidine gluconate–cetrimide formulations (1/1). P. aeruginosa showed resistance to both the cephalosporin and penicillin groups of antibiotics, and all isolates tested positive for the blaTEM-1 resistance gene. Conclusions: Significant contamination with P. aeruginosa was found in the disinfectant samples examined, posing a risk to hospital patients.

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