Unveiling The Burden of Papilledema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors

Abstract

Background: Papilledema is a condition characterized by optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure (ICP), pose significant risks to vision and overall neurological health. Understanding its prevalence and associated risk factors is crucial for timely diagnosis and management. Aim: To answer the question: “What is the true prevalence of papilledema across diverse populations, and what are the risk factors that most significantly contribute to its development?” This study systematically analyses the burden of papilledema by synthesizing global evidence on its prevalence and associated risk factors-such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, obesity, age, and gender-with the ultimate goal of enabling earlier diagnosis and preventing irreversible visual loss. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, identifying 10 relevant studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies that reported on the prevalence and risk factors of papilledema in diverse populations. Exclusion criteria included studies lacking clear diagnostic criteria or those not published in English. Data were extracted and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, chi-square tests, and, p-value calculated. Results: The review revealed a wide variation in the prevalence of papilledema across studies, with significant associations with obesity, age, and gender as risk factors. Notably, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) emerged as a predominant cause of papilledema. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of recognizing risk factors for papilledema, particularly in high-risk populations. Enhanced awareness and early intervention strategies are essential to mitigate the potential for vision loss associated with this condition.